The Mitochondrion: The Prisoner of a False Origin and The Victim of Wrong Theories

*Corresponding author: Othman Salim Hussein Al-Fleesy, Associate Professor of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, South Yemen, Tel: 00967 770548026, 0067 735712125, E-mail: alfleesy2001@yahoo.com Citation: Othman S (2017) The Mitochondrion: The Prisoner of a False Origin and The Victim of Wrong Theories. Enliven: J Genet Mol Cell Biol 4(2): 002.


Introduction
Decades after the discovery of mitochondria. A flooding of researches and studies were gushed and published, raising a hot debate and controversy about mtDNA and its relation to evolution and origin of human kind. During my review of literature in concern to mtDNA and evolutionary matters, I found tens of theories and hypotheses were proposed; but they have contradicted each other, not only that but a number of scientists have contradicted themselves in the same research .my study seems to be important because it for the first time-since the discovery of the mitochondria and studies of the evolution and ancestry-determines the mistakes and wrong theories clearly, and proposed a new suggestion.

What did The Scientists Write about Mitochondria?
Mitochondria are still mysterious to researchers, and occupy a central position in the biology of cells and evolutionary studies.
In text books and studies, the human biologists had written that the human mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule of about 16 kilo bases.
It encodes 37 genes. One mitochondrion can contain two to ten copies of its DNA. Mitochondrion found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei), the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine tri phosphate (ATP).The popular term "powerhouse of the cell" was coined by Philip Siekevitz in 1957.

The origin of Mitochondria
The origin of mitochondria has been the subject of controversy. Since its discovery up-to-date, there are two famous hypotheses about the origin of mitochondria. I put here the popular and the most accepted one to the scientists.

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
The Endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests that mitochondria were originally prokaryotic cells, capable of implementing oxidative mechanisms that were not possible for eukaryotic cells; they became endosymbionts living inside the eukaryote. The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests that mitochondria descended from bacteria that somehow survived endocytosis by another cell, and became incorporated into the cytoplasm. The endosymbiotic relationship of mitochondria with their host cells was popularized. In the 1970s by the late Dr. Lynn Margulis Was called the "serial endosymbiosis theory." the serial endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells seemed reasonable to evolutionists. Because, mitochondria are thoughtby evolutionist -to have originated from an ancient symbiosis that resulted when a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote. The stories of mitochondrial evolution and ancestral bacteria have remained controversial.
What are the Questions, Mistakes and Matters of Controversy Regarding Mitochondria?
The scientists had raised a number of questions regarding the origin of mitochondria, whether mitDNA was inherited maternally or paternally? , Is mtDNA restricted to oocyte only, or may be found in sperm? How could we trace back the ancestry with mitochondria , Is there recombination taking place between Paternal and maternal mtDNA ?...etc. It sounds good in theory to speak a lot about the biosymbiosis theory and evolution, but to Accept this , you will miss the actual facts and you will tell an entirely different story of mitochondria. Scientific papers were contained a number of mistakes and wrong theories.

2
The Mistakes of The Scientists could be Summarized as follows:

The biosymbiosis theory (the illogical theory).
No one could imagine that the scientists in the 21st century still believe that mitochondrion was originated from bacteria after this process (biosymbiosis).

One of the scientists wrote:
Difficulties for an endosymbiotic origin include the necessity of presuming that mitochondria arose at least 2 billion years ago. How could this happen?. Who had calculated this number of years, and who could believe it? Remember if we had rejected the theory of evolution from a monkey, how can we accept this theory? which Stated that our cells or gametes and chromosomes originated from bacteria?. This is not illogic and unrealistic only; but it is a funny assumption and never have respected the humans' minds.

Mutation
Mutation is defined as the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. Many scientists, undoubtedly , use this term (mutation)to justify their failure when they could not interpret or solve certain diseases , disorders or phenomena. etc.
Certainly , if the scientists get rid of this wrong way of justification and interpretation and do not resort to this term (mutation) in the places of failure and try again and again , inevitably , they will arrive and succeed and can achieve some successful results. Please look to this statement: Mitochondrial DNA appears to mutate much faster than expected, prompting new DNA.
How could this take place and how could they measure this speed?

Random, Stochastic and Accidental Terms
These terms, are used by scientists, who do not believe that the creation is controlled by the creator (the GOD) , and even this ( chance) is given only to those who work hardly. Was the falling of an apple on Newton's head accidental or random?, Because many apples fell on the heads of many people , but no one responded to this light hit, except Newton had asked himself , why?, because others , quickly , ate the fallen apples. You have to remember that, the accidental is given only to those who deserve it. Do you think the bulb of Addison and the Vimto-Second of Ahmed Zwail were accidental? Those who think so, they are out of the scientific circle.

Disintegration of the Midpiece and the Tail of The Sperm after Fertilization
The scientists wrote: Mitochondria in the sperm from the father were presumed to be destroyed immediately after fertilization. Other wrote: the tail wiggles after the entrance of the head inside the ovum and the separation of the midpiece and tail. This assumption had reminded me with orchid after cutting their tails. Did sperm's tail suffer from pain?

Paternal Leakage
This is the last suggestion proposed by scientists. It is another impossible way. Only scientists turned all faces, trying with preconceived thoughts, but with no success.

Discussion
During my review of literature, there were contradictory data were found, the scientists were rotating around a number of points, either support or against.
The researchers forwarded a number of wrong opinions and ideas as follows Inheritance: Is it Maternal, paternal or both?
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is generally assumed to be inherited exclusively from the mother only, and inherited to both sons and daughters.  This division and segregation process must be tightly controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion. It is still unclear to what extent mitochondria within a cell are able to fuse and exchange contents (Legros F, et al. (2002). In concern to the number of mtDNA , some  ICSI only needs one sperm, which is injected directly into the egg. And as part of the ICSI procedure, the embryologist s or specialists in gynecology and obstetrics in some cases and conditions (low motility of sperm) they break (cut) the head (decapitation) using the head only, as they declared that 1-The mitochondrion is originating and growing with the same manner of creation and growth of oocyte in the ovary (from the primary follicle up to mature ovum).

2-There is paternal inheritance and transmission of mtDNA via male X sperm
only. While Y sperm has no mitochondria. The mitochondrion is located in the head of the sperm.
3-According to the documented facts in literature and the diagnosis of geneticists and embryologists , for the cases of genetic disorders as Turner syndrome carrying (XO) chromosomes , and other fetuses carrying (YO) chromosomes, and they had found in practical ground that Turner syndrome (OX) could survive , while (YO) fetus aborted and died , this indicating that male(X ) sperm must have mitochondria that is why the baby remains alive(survive) , while (YO ) fetuses aborted and die quickly , because it has no mitochondria , to supply its growth and muturation.

4-It is well known that in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) and Intracytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSI), for the treatment to help women -and their husbands (partners) -conceive a child.
ICSI only needs one sperm, which is injected directly into the egg. And as part of the ICSI procedure, the embryologist s or specialists in gynecology and obstetrics in some cases and conditions (low motility of sperm) they break (cut) the head (decapitation) using the head only, as they declared that no midpiece and tail of sperm is found at fertilization.

5-There is increasing evidence suggests that mitochondria derived ATP is not
crucial for sperm motility and that glycolysis may be the main ATP supplier for this particular aspect of sperm function .May male Y sperm is supplied by this type of energy, because of the absence of mitochondria.
Based on the previous points (1-5) and on studies of the scientists and their wrong assumptions, theories, contradictions, and on known facts I wish to suggest the following 1-Paternal Y sperm has no mitochondria at all (pure maleness-masculinity).
2-paternal X-sperm has mtDNA located in its head.

Conclusion
Despite the efforts of scientists to uncover the mysterious of mitochondria, many mistakes in science should be corrected, re-evaluated or rejected and discarded from the pages of researches and text books as soon as possible in order to return to right path. Because all these mistakes were being done by scientists. Who had accepted all proposed theories without thinking.
Who could believe the assumptions concerning the total loss of the paternal mtDNA at fertilization, disintegrating and decomposing of the sperm tail immediately and then it is discarded. As we believe ( with no doubt), that the ovum was created by self-programmed system and controlled by the creator ( the God ), so the creation of mitochondria follow the same way and process of creation of oocytes gametes (ovum and sperm).it is normal to find mitochondria In somatic cell of both son and daughter but with different percentages. Inheritance never occurring with only paternal set or maternal sets of chromosomes. They must gathering together male and female, maternal and paternal meeting and mating. There must be a couple and pair mating. (alfleesy 2017).
The missing link and the unique gap in the literature , which no scientist had discussed or forwarded solution before, is that there is a paternal (X) sperm's mitochondria and no mitochondria in a paternal (Y) sperm .The scientists , evolutionists and geneticists in need to admit, honestly that their speculations and hypotheses have failed to interpret mitDNA dilemma. Because some of their theories were lacking a real scientific ground.
Finally, we must not pretend falsely and claimed that we have discovered and invented falsely as the Korean scientist did and had announced that he cloned human embryo (alfleesy 2016). Ethically the researchers must went to admit to this failure, that these results and theories never answered their questions or solved their problems.
The time has come to start correcting the mistakes and the erroneous hypotheses and theories s that led to greater errors and this wrong information, currently, are teaching in the schools, institutions and medical faculties all over the world, putting our science within our limits, facilities and possibilities. Lastly if further experiments confirm these observations, this would provide an opportunity for studying these topics thoroughly and will open new doors for further experiments.