Enliven: Clinical Dermatology

Childhood infectious diseases started to emerge at adulthood as a result of fading vaccine protection after long period of time, ineffective vaccine, or unvaccinated individuals. The vulnerability to infection at adult age group is due to decline or absence of protective immunoglobulin (seronegatives group). Many reports indicate outbreaks of mumps, measles, and whooping cough, at adults who were vaccinated at childhood. It was suggested that the reason for re-emergence of mumps or measles was poor efficacy of MMR vaccine. In Europe there is an increase in the incidence of measles among young adult age group in recent years that indicates a shift of the illness from childhood to adulthood.

Childhood infectious diseases started to emerge at adulthood as a result of fading vaccine protection after long period of time, ineffective vaccine, or unvaccinated individuals. The vulnerability to infection at adult age group is due to decline or absence of protective immunoglobulin (seronegatives group). Many reports indicate outbreaks of mumps, measles, and whooping cough, at adults who were vaccinated at childhood. It was suggested that the reason for re-emergence of mumps or measles was poor efficacy of MMR vaccine. In Europe there is an increase in the incidence of measles among young adult age group in recent years that indicates a shift of the illness from childhood to adulthood [1]. Recent outbreaks registered in Europe confirmed an increase in cases among young adults who have had no previous vaccination against measles [2,3]. Half of the cases in 2011 in Europe occurred among people aged â?¥15 years, indicating in a high proportion of adult cases [2]. It has been noticed that in spite of long-standing two-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination, measles outbreaks still occur in highly vaccinated populations [4]. Although most measles cases affect unvaccinated individuals, cases with vaccinated persons are also reported. In vitro study for immune response to measles virus, the investigators found a difference in immune reaction of measles specific memory cells between naturally infected and vaccinated people. Furthermore, there was a significant proportion of vaccinated individuals did not respond to measles virus which was demonstrated by response of viral specific CD4 T cells to in vitro stimulation [5]. In 2006 in Poland 120 cases of measles were reported of which 44 (37%) were vaccinated: 26 cases were vaccinated with single dose of measles vaccine and 18 with two doses [6]. Vaccinated children also could be infected with measles although the illness is less severe than non-vaccinated children [7].

In conclusion, measles vaccination unlike natural infection might not confer long life immunity against infection. Therefore, there should be high level of suspicion of measles for any adult patient with intractable fever and unresponsive to treatment with negative laboratory tests of endemic diseases such as typhoid fever. The possibility of the disease is highly suspected during measles outbreak or when there is a recent contact with measles patient. With limited laboratory facilities, the most significant diagnostic aid at early stage of illness, before development of characteristic skin rash, is by the finding pathognomonic sign known as â??Koplik's spotsâ? on the buccal mucosa.

References

1. Schuster M, Stelzer T, Burckhardt F (2015) Why are young adults affected? Estimating measles vaccination coverage in 20-34 year old germans in order to verify progress towards measles elimination. PLoS Curr 25: 7.


2. Siedler A, Mankertz A, Feil F, Ahlemeyer G, Hornig A, et al. (2011) Closer to the goal: efforts in measles elimination in Germany 2010. J Infect Dis 204: S373-S380.


3. Celesia BM, Fontana R, Pinzone MR, Cuccia M, Bellissimo F, et al. (2014) A measles outbreak in Catania, Sicily: the importance of high vaccination coverage and early notification of cases for health and economic reasons. Infez Med 22: 222-226.


4. Hens N, Abrams S, Santermans E, Theeten H, Goeyvaerts N, et al. (2015) Assessing the risk of measles resurgence in a highly vaccinated population: Belgium anno 2013. Euro Surveill 20.


5. CzeÅ?cik A, Dunal-Szczepaniak M, TrzciÅ?ska A, Siennicka J (2014) Response of viral specific CD4 T cells to in vitro stimulation with vaccine and wild measles virus strains in vaccinated and naturally infected subjects. Pol J Microbiol 63: 203-209.


6. Czarkowski MP, Cieleba E, Dacka P, Kondej B (2007) Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2006. NIZP-PZH, GIS, Warsaw.


7. Mitchell P, Turner N, Jennings L, Dong H (2013) Previous vaccination modifies both the clinical disease and immunological features in children with measles. J Prim Health Care 5: 93-98.

Curriculum Vitae

Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa MB ChB, MSc, Lecturer College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Iraq Contact Information Mailing address: Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, PO Box 601, Post code 42001, Ashar, Basrah, Iraq. Mobile Phone Iraq 009647808595467 Email:haideramousa@hotmail.com Email:haideramousa@yahoo.com Email:haideramousa@gmail.com Skype ID: haideramousa

Personal profile

Specialist Physician with over 27 years of substantial experience leading providers of superior patient care. Obtaining Bachelor degree in Medicine and Surgery on 1987 in which the rank of graduation was within the top ten out of the 138 graduated students of the Medical College, Basrah, Iraq. House Officer for 15 months at Babylon Teaching Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Iraq, including duties in Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Orthopedics with scheduled Emergency Department duties at all these five medical branches. Demonstrator, general practitioner, Assistant lecturer, and lecturer at the college of Medicine, University of Basrah, Iraq, for 10 years. Specialist physician of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Ministry of Health, Tripoli, Libya, for two years. Consultant physician at Industrial Corporationâ??s clinics for 16 years. Assigned as Editor, Guest Chief Editor, Member of Editorial Board, and Reviewer at several international medical journals.

Qualifications

1. Currently studying a 'Postgraduate PhD degree in Occupational Medicine' with The Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.




2. M.Sc. (Master) degree in Medical Microbiology-Infectious Diseases; from September 20, 1991 to January 31, 1994, from College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Iraq.




3. M.B., Ch.B. (MBBS) (Medicine and Surgery Bachelor): from 1981 to 1987, obtained on July11, 1987, from College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Iraq.

Employment history

1. Consultant physician, at OiL SERV company, Basrah, Iraq, from March 17, 2015 to date.




2. Specialist physician of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, at Waha Oil Company, Tripoli, Libya, from February 28, 2000 to date.




3. Specialist physician of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, at Libyan Red Crescent, Tripoli Branch, Tripoli, Libya, from February 1, 1999 to February 27, 2000.




4. Specialist physician of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, at Tripoli Medical Center, Ministry of Health, Tripoli, Libya, from April 23, 1998 to September 29, 1999.




5. Lecturer, from February 22, 1997 to February 19, 1998, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq.




6. Assistant Lecturer, from March 31, 1994 to February 21, 1997, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq.




7. General Physician and Demonstrator at the College of Medicine, University of Basrah, and Basrah University Teaching Hospital, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq, from December 1, 1988 to October 20, 1991.




8. House Officer (Resident doctor) at Babylon Teaching Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Iraq, during the period of August 29, 1987 to November 30, 1988.

Professional Memberships of Societies

1. Member of Iraqi Medical Association
2. Member of Pan-Arab Society of Trauma & Emergency Medicine
3. Member of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
4. Member of the Society of Asian Scientists and Engineers (SASE)
5. Member of Index Copernicus Scientists
6. Member of The Science Advisory Board.
7. Member of International Society of Iraqi Scientists
8. Member of Genetics Society of Malaysia
9. Member of BiomedExperts

Member of the Editorial Board at the following International Scientific Medical Journals

1. Key Research Journal of Biotechnology

2. Key Research Journal of Applied Medicine

3. American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease

4. Our Dermatology Online journal

5. Frontiers in Public Healthâ? and â??Frontiers in Infectious Diseasesâ?

6. Basic Research Journal of Medicine and Clinical Sciences

7. Â Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology

8. Basic Research Journal of Microbiology

9. Merit Research Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

10. Frontiers in Medicine

11. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

12. Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy

13. Advances in Medical Sciences

14. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

15. International Journal of Medical and Clinical Sciences

16. Pyrex Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

17. Enliven: Clinical Dermatology

18. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

19. Global Advanced Research Journal of Phamacy and Phamacology

20. Global Journal of Technology and Optimization

21. Journal of Dermatology & Skin Biology

Journals Reviewer for the following peer-reviewed Medical Journals:

1. Clinical Infectious Diseases

2. African Journal of Microbiology Research

3. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal

4. Basic Research Journal of Microbiology

5. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine

6. International Journal of Biotechnology Research

7. American Journal of Biomedical Research

8. International Journal of Microbiology and Immunology Research

9. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

10. World Journal of Microbiology

11. American Journal of Microbiological Research

12. African Educational Research Journal

13. The Open Infectious Diseases Journal

14. American Journal of Medical Case Reports

15. American Journal of Public Health Research

 

Publications

1. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, Sundus S Bakr, Thamer A Hamdan. Anaerobic osteomyelitis. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.

2. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, Sundus S Bakr, Thamer A Hamdan. Antimicrobial agents in the treatment of pyogenic osteomyelitis in Basrah province. Basrah Journal of Surgery.

3. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Evaluation of sinus-track cultures in chronic bone infection. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [British]

4. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Aerobic, anaerobic and fungal burn wound infections. Journal of Hospital Infection.

5. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Tuberculosis of bones and joints: diagnostic approaches. International Orthopaedics.

6. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Chronic osteomyelitis resulting from missile injuries. Â

7. International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services.

8. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Post-traumatic bone infection. Qatar Medical Journal.

9. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Diagnostic value of surgical wound cultures in osteomyelitis. Bahrain Medical Bulletin.

10. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, AL-Bader SM, Hassan DA. Correlation between fungi isolated from burn wounds and burn care units. Burns.

11. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Fungal infection of burn wounds in patients with open and occlusive treatment methods. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.

12. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, Abaid MG. Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis: microbial conversion and unusual age presentation. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.

13. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, Thamer A Hamdan, Sundus S Bakr. Clinical and microbiological evaluation of osteomyelitis. Bahrain Medical Bulletin.

14. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, AL-Bader SM. Yeast infection of burns. Mycoses.

15. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Infection following orthopaedic implants and bone surgery. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.

16. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Concomitant spine infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and pyogenic bacteria: case report. Spine.

17. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Multifocal spinal tuberculosis associated with paraplegia. Emirates Medical Journal. Â

18. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Closed tibial fracture complicated by acute haematogenous osteomyelitis. The Middle East Journal of Emergency Medicine.

19. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Bone infection. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.

20. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Effect of alcohol consumption on blood pressure. Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology.

21. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Burn and scald injuries. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.

22. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa, Aziz MA, Sundus S Bakr, Jamaladdin NM. The Role of Improper Use of Artificial Insemination on Infertility and Abortion in Cows in Basrah Province, Iraq: Microbiological Study. Qatar University Science Journal.

23. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Bone and joint tuberculosis. Bahrain Medical Bulletin.

24. Affat AM, Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Epidemiological survey of infectious diseases in Basrah province. Journal of Basrah Researches.

25. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. The Hidden Scene behind the High Prevalence of Giardiasis and Other Infectious Diseases in Certain Developing Countries. Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy.

26. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. Short-term effects of subchronic low-level hydrogen sulfide exposure on oil field workers. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.

27. Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa. The Role of Sunlight Exposure in Reduction of Cardiovascular Diseases. Enliven: Clinical Dermatology.